Teaching and Learning Guide for: Regulating the Medical Profession: From Club Governance to Stakeholder Regulation

This guide accompanies the following article: John Martyn Chamberlain, ‘Regulating the Medical Profession: From Club Governance to Stakeholder Regulation’, Sociology Compass 4/12 (2010): 1035–1042, 10.1111/j.1751-9020.2010.00338.x.

The regulation of the medical profession is an important topic of concern for health and social policy analysts as well as social scientists who possess an academic interest in medical autonomy, institutionalized medical power and contemporary shifts in the governance and performance management of professional forms of expertise. The last three decades have seen substantial changes in how medical work is quality assured to protect the public from medical malpractice and underperforming doctors. Medical practitioners have become increasingly subject to formal peer review mechanisms and third party managerial surveillance and performance appraisal. Bound up with this have been moves toward including lay people as well as other health and social care professionals in the regulation of the medical profession and quality assurance of medical work. This shift has been said to signify a move toward a stakeholder model of medical regulation.

A good place to start understanding the historical background to changes currently occurring in the regulation of medical expertise is Andrew Gray’s and Stephen Harrison’s Governing Medicine: Theory and Practice (Oxford: Open University Press, 2004). This appraises the current medical regulatory context as well as analyses the impact of contemporary reforms in the quality assurance of health care delivery on medical practice and training. Donald Irvine’s The Doctors Tale: Professionalism and the Public Trust, (London: Radcliffe Medical Press, 2003) provides an insightful ‘insider account’ of the history of medical regulation in the United Kingdom and the competing interests involved in the contemporary governance of medical expertise. A more critical account of how the medical profession has responded to calls to become more open and accountable can be found in Celia Davies’s ‘Regulating the Health Care Workforce: Next Steps for Research.’ (Journal of Health Services Research and Policy, 2004: 9: 55–61) as well as Sally Lloyd-Bostock’s and Bridget Hutter’s ‘Reforming Regulation of the Medical Profession: The Risks of Risk Based Approaches.’ (Health, Risk and Society, 2008: 1: 69–83).

http://www.gmc-uk.org/

This is the website for the General Medical Council, which is the regulatory body responsible for overseeing the governance of the medical profession in the United Kingdom.

http://www.bma.org.uk/

The British Medical Association is the professional medical association and trade union for doctors and medical students.

http://www.bmj.com/

The British Medical Journal is an international peer reviewed medical journal.

Definitions, problems & issues: medical regulation and the sociological study of medical power and autonomy.

Associated Reading:

Albrecht, G. L., Fitzpatrick, R. and Scrimshaw, S. C. 2000. The Handbook of Social Science and Medicine. London: Sage Publications.

Carr-Saunders, A. M. and Wilson, P. A. 1933. The Professions. New York and London: The Clarendon Press.

Chamberlain, J. M. 2009. Doctoring Medical Governance: Medical Self-Regulation in Transition. New York: Nova Science.

Dingwall, R. and Lewis, P. (eds) 1983. The Sociology of the Professions: Lawyers, Doctors and Others. London: McMillan.

Freidson, E. 1970. The Profession of Medicine. New York: Dodds Mead.

Hippocrates, Galen and humoral medicine. Medieval Christianity, the early regulation of the medical profession and the birth of clinic.

Associated Reading:

Bynum W. F. and Porter, R. (eds) 1985. William Hunter and the Eighteenth Century Medical World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Copeman, W. S. C. 1960. Doctors and Disease in Tudor Times. London: Dawson and Sons.

Foucault, M. 1989. The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception. London: Routledge Classics.

Lindeman, M. 1999. Medicine and Society in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

King, H. 2001. Greek and Roman Medicine. London: Bristol Classical Press.

Krause, E. A. 1996. Death of the Guilds: Professions States and the Advance of Capitalism. Yale: University Press.

The 1858 Medical Act and the institutionalization of medical autonomy in the form of the General Medical Council.

Associated Reading:

Allsop, J. and Saks, M. (eds) 2002. Regulating the Health Professions. London: Sage Publications.

Chamberlain, J. M. 2009. Doctoring Medical Governance: Medical Self-Regulation in Transition. New York: Nova Science.

Gladstone, D. (ed.) 2000. Regulating Doctors. London: Institute for the Study of Civil Society.

Stacey, M. 1992. Regulating British Medicine. London: John Wiley and Sons.

Medical autonomy, the re-emergence of neo-liberal political ideology and the rise of consumerism and managerialism in the health care system. Introduction of medical and clinical audit and shift from a primary to secondary care led service.

Associated Reading:

Allsop, J. and Mulcahy, L. 1996. Regulating Medical Work: Formal and Informal Controls. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.

Armstrong, D. 2002. ‘Clinical Autonomy, Individual and Collective: The Problem of Changing Doctors Behaviour.’Social Science and Medicine55: 1771–7.

Elston, M. A. 2004. ‘Medical Autonomy and Medical Dominance.’ Pp. 167–9 in Key Concepts in Medical Sociology, edited by Gabe, J., Bury, M. and Elston, M. A. London: Sage Publications.

Flynn, R. 2002. ‘Clinical Governance and Governmentality.’Health Risk and Society4: 134–67.

Harrison, S. and Schultz, R. L. 1989. ‘Clinical Autonomy in the UK and the USA: Contrasts and Convergence.’ Pp. 134–65 in Controlling Medical Professionals: the Comparative Politics of Health Governance, edited by Freddi, G. and Bjorkman, J. W. Sage Publications.

Lay perceptions of medicine and medical power. Medical malpractice and the rise of the patient movement.

Associated Reading:

Barrett, J. R., Barrett, P. and Kearns, R. A. 1998. ‘Declining Professional Dominance? Trends in the Proletarianization of Primary Care in New Zealand.’Social Science and Medicine46: 193–207.

Chamberlain, J. M. 2009. Doctoring Medical Governance: Medical Self-Regulation in Transition. New York: Nova Science.

Haug, M. R. 1973. ‘Deprofessionalization: An Alternative Hypothesis for the Future.’ Pp. 122–34 in Professionalization and Social Change, edited by Halmos, P. Sociological Review Monograph 20, University of Keele.

Saks, M. 1995. Professions and the Public Interest: Medical Power, Altruism and Alternative Medicine. London: Routledge.

The 2008 Health and Social Care Act and reforming the General Medical Council. The emergence of revalidation and the performance appraisal of doctors continued fitness to practice.

Associated Reading:

Chamberlain, J. M. 2009. Doctoring Medical Governance: Medical Self-Regulation in Transition. New York: Nova Science.

Davies, C. 2004. ‘Regulating the Health Care Workforce: Next Steps for Research.’Journal of Health Services Research and Policy:9(1):1–20.

Irvine, D. 2003. The Doctors Tale: Professionalism and the Public Trust. London: Radcliffe Medical Press.

Moran, M. 1999. Governing the Health Care State; A Comparative Study of the United Kingdom, the United States and Germany. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Reappraising the sociological study of medical regulation: decline or restratification? The emergence of new power elite within the medical profession.

Associated Reading:

Ahmed, W. I. U. and Harrison, S. 2000. ‘Medical Autonomy and the UK State: 1975 to 2025.’Sociology34: 129–46.

Chamberlain, J. M. 2009. Doctoring Medical Governance: Medical Self-Regulation in Transition. New York: Nova Science.

Chamberlain, J. M. 2010. ‘Performance Appraisal for Doctors: A Case of Paperwork Compliance.’Sociological Research Online15(1): 1–11. Available online: http://www.socresonline.org.uk/15/1/8.html

Freidson, E. 1994. Professionalism Reborn: Theory, Prophecy and Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge Polity Press.

Gabe, J., Kelleher, D. and Williams, G. 1994. Challenging Medicine. London: Routledge.

Medicine’s new professionalism and next steps in theory and research. The importance of analyzing revalidation and patient involvement in the monitoring of medical work.

Associated Reading:

Black, D. 2002. ‘Consultant Appraisal.’GMC News Supplement on Appraisal and Revalidation 1–4. The GMC: London.

Chamberlain, J. M. 2009. Doctoring Medical Governance: Medical Self-Regulation in Transition. New York: Nova Science.

Chamberlain, J. M. 2010. ‘Performance Appraisal for Doctors: A Case of Paperwork Compliance.’Sociological Research Online15(1): 1–11. Available online: http://www.socresonline.org.uk/15/1/8.html

Donaldson, L. 2006. Good Doctors Safer Patients: Proposals to Strengthen the System to Assure and Improve the Performance of Doctors and to Protect the Safety of Patients. DOH London.

Freidson, E. 2001. Professionalism: The Third Logic. Cambridge: Cambridge Polity Press.

Gray, A. and Harrison, S. (eds) 2004. Governing Medicine: Theory and Practice. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.

Kuhlmann, E. and Allsop, J. 2008. ‘Professional Self-Regulation in a Changing Architecture of Governance: Comparing Health Policy in the UK and German Policy and Politics.’Health, Risk and Society36(2): 173–89.

• 1
   According to Foucault, how did the birth of the clinic transform the epistemological foundation stones on which the early medical profession stood? What other developments in medical science and technology occurring in the 18th and 19th centuries do you think also contributed to this transformation?
• 2
   ‘The 1858 Medical Act secured the interests of the medical profession as much as it served to protect the public from poorly performing doctors’. Critically discuss this statement with reference to a neo-weberian model of medical power.
• 3
   Critically evaluate the impact of consumerism and managerialism on medical autonomy.
• 4
   Summarize the key changes to the General Medical Council introduced by the 2008 Health and Social Care Act and critically discuss if they curtail medical autonomy.
• 5
   Provide a critical account of why studying the impact of revalidation is vitally important to the future study of medical autonomy by social scientists.

Construct a portfolio of images which over time tells the story of the rise of modern medicine from Hippocrates and Galen to the birth of the clinic and the rapid advances in medical science made in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Provide an accompanying account (1500) words which critically discusses how your narrative illustrates the power of ‘the medical gaze’ and its ability to transform our lives for the better while also opening up new possibilities for the surveillance and control of the population by the state and its agencies.